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ASTM F3027-18

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)

Standard Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.1 Mountain-Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Mountain Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefix “Mountain Endorsed”) to their current training levels.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in mountainous terrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel are qualified to operate safely and effectively in mountainous terrain in their normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 A Mountain Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Mountain-Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the mountainous environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the mountainous environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standard...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.3 Specifically, Mountain-Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.  
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpine environment.  
1.6 A Mountain-Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Guide F1993.  
1.7 Mountain-Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Bar...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2018
ICS
03.100.30 - Management of human resources
13.200 - Accident and disaster control
Technical Committee
F32 - Search and Rescue
Drafting Committee
F32.03 - Personnel, Training and Education
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F3027-13 - Standard Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018
Replaced By
ASTM F3027-24 - Standard Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2024
Refers
ASTM F2752-19 - Standard Guide for Training for Basic Rope Rescuer Endorsement
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Refers
ASTM F3222-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Rescue Standards and Guides
Effective Date
01-Nov-2016
Refers
ASTM F1773-09(2015) - Standard Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering, Search and Rescue Equipment and Practices (Withdrawn 2024)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Refers
ASTM F2752-09(2014) - Standard Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer Endorsement
Effective Date
01-Mar-2014
Refers
ASTM F2209-10 - Standard Guide for Training of Level I Land Search Team Member
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Refers
ASTM F1773-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering, Search and Rescue Equipment and Practices
Effective Date
01-Oct-2009
Refers
ASTM F2752-09 - Standard Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer Endorsement
Effective Date
01-Apr-2009
Refers
ASTM F1993-99(2005) - Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources (Withdrawn 2014)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Refers
ASTM F1773-97(2004) - Standard Terminology Relating to Climbing and Mountaineering Equipment and Practices
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Refers
ASTM F2209-03 - Standard Guide for Training of Level I Land Search Team Member
Effective Date
10-Apr-2003
Refers
ASTM F1993-99 - Standard Classification of Human Search and Rescue Resources
Effective Date
10-Oct-1999
Refers
ASTM F1773-97 - Standard Terminology Relating to Climbing and Mountaineering Equipment and Practices
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM F1993-16(2022) - Standard Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue Resources
Effective Date
01-Nov-2018

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3027 − 18
Standard Guide for
Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain
1
(Mountain Endorsement)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
generalandfieldknowledge,skills,andabilities,forsearchand
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous
terrain.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions
F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,
found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a
Search and Rescue Equipment and Practices
negative impact on human physiology.
F1993 Classification System of Human Land Search and
1.3 Specifically, Mountain-Endorsed individuals may, under
Rescue Resources
qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and
F2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team Member
effectively in mountainous terrain.
F2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to
Rescuer Endorsement
indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or
F3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book
abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and
(PTB)
rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.
F3222 Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Res-
cue Standards and Guides
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training
requirements for performing operations in partially or fully
2.2 Other References:
collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces,
National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publication
underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an
PMS 304-2, “Fitness and Work Capacity”
alpine environment.
“Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills,” 8th ed., Ron-
1.6 AMountain-Endorsed individual may be a member of a ald C. Eng and Julie Van Pelt, eds.
Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as
defined in Guide F1993.
3. Terminology
1.7 Mountain-Endorsed SAR personnel must work under
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority
3.1.1 alpine ice axe, n—as defined by the UIAA (Union
Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
Internationale Des Associations D’Alpinisme), a Type B ice
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the tool (the UIAA Basic type) with lower strength, for use in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the general circumstances, as on glacier for snow hiking, for ski
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- mountaineering, etc., and which meets the requirements of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- UIAA 152 or CE EN 13089:2011.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
Terminology F1773, Terminology F3222, and Guides F1993,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
F2209, and F2752.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search
and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,
2
Training and Education. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F3027–13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F3027-18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3027 − 18
4. Significance and Use 5. General Knowledge
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training 5.1 The AHJ shall verify that a Mountain-Endorsed person
of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous possesses both attitude a
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F3027 − 13 F3027 − 18
Standard Guide for
Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain
1
(Mountain Endorsement)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and
rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found in
mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.
1.3 Specifically, Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal
duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to
perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully
collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpine
environment.
1.6 Type I-IV teams (as defined inA Mountain-Endorsed individual may be a F1993) which may utilize personnel trained to this
guide are Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban),member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined
in Guide F1993and Kind C (mountainous), Kind D (disaster/collapse), Kind E (inland water), Kind G (cave), Kind H (mine), Kind
I (avalanche), Kind J (evidence/cadaver), Kind K (aircraft), and/or Kind L (unclassified).
1.7 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by
the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering, Search and Rescue Equipment and Practices
F1993 Classification System of Human Land Search and Rescue Resources
F2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team Member
F2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer Endorsement
F3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book (PTB)
F3222 Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Rescue Standards and Guides
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel, Training
and Education.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2018. Published October 2013December 2018. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
F3027–13. DOI: 10.1520/F3027-13.10.1520/F3027-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3027 − 18
2.2 Other References:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publication PMS 304-2, “Fitness and Work Capacity”
“Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills,” 8th ed.ed., Ronald C. Eng and Julie Van Pelt, eds.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 alpine environment, n—mountainous terrain, typically above tree line, where the ability to negotiate routes rated Class
3
2–5 is required
...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F3027 − 18
Standard Guide for
Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain
1
(Mountain Endorsement)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous
terrain.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions
F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering,
found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a
Search and Rescue Equipment and Practices
negative impact on human physiology.
F1993 Classification System of Human Land Search and
1.3 Specifically, Mountain-Endorsed individuals may, under
Rescue Resources
qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and
F2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team Member
effectively in mountainous terrain.
F2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to
Rescuer Endorsement
indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or
F3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book
abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and
(PTB)
rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.
F3222 Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Res-
cue Standards and Guides
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training
requirements for performing operations in partially or fully
2.2 Other References:
collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces,
National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publication
underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an
PMS 304-2, “Fitness and Work Capacity”
alpine environment.
“Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills,” 8th ed., Ron-
1.6 A Mountain-Endorsed individual may be a member of a
ald C. Eng and Julie Van Pelt, eds.
Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as
defined in Guide F1993.
3. Terminology
1.7 Mountain-Endorsed SAR personnel must work under
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority
3.1.1 alpine ice axe, n—as defined by the UIAA (Union
Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).
Internationale Des Associations D’Alpinisme), a Type B ice
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the tool (the UIAA Basic type) with lower strength, for use in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the general circumstances, as on glacier for snow hiking, for ski
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- mountaineering, etc., and which meets the requirements of
UIAA 152 or CE EN 13089:2011.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
Terminology F1773, Terminology F3222, and Guides F1993,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
F2209, and F2752.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search
and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel,
2
Training and Education. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as F3027–13. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F3027-18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F3027 − 18
4. Significance and Use 5. General Knowledge
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training 5.1 The AHJ shall verify that a Mountain-Endorsed person
of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous possesses both attitude and aptitude for working in mountain-
terrain. ous terrain:
4.1.1 Mountain-Endorsed individuals are required to have, 5.1.1 The indi
...

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ASTM F3027-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Mountain Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefix “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in mountainous terrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel are qualified to operate safely and effectively in mountainous terrain in their normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 A Mountain Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Mountain Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the mountainous environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the mountainous environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.3 Specifically, Mountain Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.  
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpine environment.  
1.6 A Mountain Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7 Mountain Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

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Standard Guide for Training of Search and Rescue Personnel Operating in the Alpine Environment (Alpine Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
4.1.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in an alpine environment.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Alpine Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefixes “Alpine Endorsed” and “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.4  
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4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Alpine Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
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1.2 An Alpine Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the extreme conditions of the alpine environment, at altitudes that are likely to have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.2.1 Specifically, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in an alpine environment.  
1.2.2 In addition, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain alone.  
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Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue (SAR) Strike Team/Task Force Leader

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
4.2 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.3 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader shall have met the requirements in this guide.  
4.4 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet the requirements in this guide, and it may include additional requirements for its own members.  
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4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order, and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training for Land SAR Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.2 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader is responsible for direct supervision, general leadership, wellness, and safety of multiple SAR teams and resources operating on all land and water environments, including intertidal areas, but not oceans or swiftwater.  
1.3 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader may work in remote areas including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.4 Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leaders are eligible to be members of Category: Land Search, Category: Land Rescue, Category: Land Search and Rescue, and Category: Untrained, search teams or crews, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.4.1 Category: Land Search teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.1.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.1.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.1.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.1.4 Kind: Alpine;
1.4.1.5 Kind: Tracking;
1.4.1.6 Kind: Mounted;
1.4.1.7 Kind: Mountain Bike;
1.4.1.8 Kind: ATV-ROHV.  
1.4.2 Category: Land Rescue and Category: Land Search and Rescue teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.2.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.2.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.2.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.2.4 Kind: Alpine.  
1.5 Further training may be required depending on the regulations or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organ...

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ASTM
ASTM F2662-08(2020)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Minimum Training of Dispatchers and Telecommunicators of SAR Incidents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard as it relates to general and specific knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA), for existing dispatchers, 911 operators and telecommunicators to be trained in the processing and dispatching of potential and actual search and rescue incidents. A person trained to this guide is a Level I (basic) SAR Dispatcher.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as an SAR Dispatcher shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and agencies having jurisdiction who wish to identify the minimum training standards for Level I SAR dispatcher.  
4.4 This guide is only the first level of training for Search and Rescue Dispatcher (SRD) personnel, and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to perform SAR Dispatch.  
4.5 Nothing in this guide precludes a user of this guide from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Level I SRD, but it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.7 It is up to the training authority to determine the depth or detail of training to meet its needs.  
4.8 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by the user.  
4.9 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an SRD. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide.  
4.10 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.11 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it is up to the instructor, evaluator, or tester to determine the best...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard as it relates to general and specific knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA), for existing dispatchers (who have met the requirements of Practice F1258), 911 (emergency) operators, and telecommunicators to be trained for the processing and dispatch of potential and actual search and rescue incidents.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F2852-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Training a Land Search Tracker

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Tracker. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Tracker shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.2.1 Nothing in this guide precludes the AHJ from adding additional requirements for its personnel.  
4.3 Training to this guide is not an indication that a person possesses adequate field skills or knowledge to make mission critical decisions.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes a basic training standard, it does not imply that a Tracker is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar team member designation of an organization.  
4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for a Tracker is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.5 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Tracker or AHJ.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating Tracker endorsed personnel.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content includes the information required for training a Tracker. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 A Tracker shall document his or her training, as directed by the AHJ, which might include the completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.  
4.9.1 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.  
4.9.2 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ sh...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including knowledge, skills, and abilities, required for personnel operating as Trackers in support of a land search effort.  
1.2 A Tracker Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, beyond those defined within this guide.  
1.3 A Tracker tracks on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.4 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for tracking in partially or fully collapsed structures, in water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.5 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993.  
1.5.1 Individuals trained to this guide are qualified to operate on teams or crews classified as Category – Land Search of Kind – Tracking.  
1.5.2 Further training may be required before Tracking Land Search personnel may participate on particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F3315-18(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of Abandoned or Inactive Mine Search and Rescue Team Member

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of abandoned or inactive mine SAR team members as it relates to their general, field, and abandoned or inactive mine search and rescue specific knowledge. No other advanced skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as an abandoned or inactive mine SAR team member shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 Certain specialized environments may require other capabilities or endorsements or further training depending on the regulations and policies of the AHJ.  
4.4 Abandoned or inactive mine SAR team members trained as defined in this guide shall not be assumed to possess adequate field skills or knowledge to make mission-critical decisions. Abandoned or inactive mine SAR team members are qualified to perform SAR operations in abandoned or inactive mines under qualified supervision designated by the incident commander in accordance with AHJ policies.  
4.5 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating abandoned or inactive mine SAR Team Members. It may, however, be used to assist in the development of, or to complement, a complete training document or program.  
4.6 This guide can be used to evaluate a training document or program to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training an abandoned or inactive mine SAR team member.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities required of an abandoned or inactive mine SAR team member.  
4.8 Because SAR operations in and around abandoned or inactive underground mines are inherently hazardous, regional and national safety standards shall be included in the policies and procedures of the AHJ.  
4.9 Practitioners shall complete all activities based on a sound analysis of risk versus benefit, and shall follow all federal, tribal, state, provincial, local, regional, and other safety standards ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training required for personnel who take part in search and rescue (SAR) operations in abandoned or inactive mines.  
1.2 An abandoned or inactive mine search and rescue team member will be able to perform all general land search and rescue functions.  
1.3 An abandoned or inactive mine search and rescue team member is not trained for SAR operations in surface mines, tunnels, or caves.  
1.4 This guide applies to underground mines only. It does not apply to surface mines, tunnels, or caves.  
1.5 This guide does not apply to search and rescue operations on, or in, bodies of water within abandoned or inactive mines.  
1.6 In accordance with Classification F1993, an abandoned or inactive mine search and rescue team member shall be classified as part of any of the following resources:  
1.6.1 Category—Land search.
1.6.1.1 Kind—Non-wilderness;
1.6.1.2 Kind—Wilderness;
1.6.1.3 Duration—12 h.  
1.6.2 Category—Land rescue and land search and rescue.  
1.6.2.1 Kind—Non-wilderness;
1.6.2.2 Kind—Wilderness;
1.6.2.3 Duration—12 h.  
1.6.3 Category—Rope rescue crew (or team).
1.6.3.1 Kind—Non-wilderness;
1.6.3.2 Kind—Wilderness;
1.6.3.3 Duration—12 h.  
1.7 Other training may be required before an endorsed abandoned or inactive mine search and rescue team member can fully participate as part of a particular category and kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.8 This guide has references specific to use in the United States of America, but it may be adapted for use in other countries.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was de...

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ASTM F3175-16(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training and Equipping Search and Rescue Personnel Operating on Mountain Bikes (Mountain Bike SAR Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training criteria for Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel.  
4.2 At no time will this standard supersede any established protocols of international, national, federal, state, tribal, local, or regional governments.  
4.3 Every person who is identified as a Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individual shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that a Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individual is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed member of an agency or organization.  
4.4.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its team member ratings.  
4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 A person meeting the requirements of this guide does not necessarily possess adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel.  
4.7 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.8 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training an individual to be Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.9 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.10 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, skills, ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training and equipment requirements, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who operate on mountain bikes.  
1.2 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively on mountain bikes.  
1.3 A Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.4 Personnel trained to only this guide are not qualified to operate in leadership positions.  
1.5 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed individuals operate on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.6 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993.  
1.6.1 Further training may be required before Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel may participate on a particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority having jurisdiction.  
1.7 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for SAR personnel to operate on mountain bikes while performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in mountain or alpine environments.  
1.8 Personnel trained to this guide are not qualified to perform rescue. No training in rope use, high or low angle litter evacuation, or other rescue skills is included in this guide.  
1.8.1 Basic rescue skills and knowledge are found in Guide F2751.  
1.9 Mountain Bike Search and Rescue Endorsed personnel must work under q...

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ASTM F3194-16(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training for Personnel Operating Small Land Off Road Vehicles (ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training criteria for ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel.  
4.2 At no time will this standard supersede any established protocols of international, national, federal, state, tribal, local, or regional governments.  
4.3 Every person who is identified as an ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individual shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that an ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individual is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed member of an agency or organization.  
4.4.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its team member ratings.  
4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 A person meeting the requirements of this guide does not necessarily possess adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel.  
4.7 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.8 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to be ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.9 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.10 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel to perform safely and effectively.  
4.11 ATV-ROHV Ops E...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training requirements, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for personnel who operate ATVs or ROHVs as part of their duties.  
1.2 This guide applies only to ATVs and ROHVs as defined below.  
1.3 An ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.4 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively on ATVs or ROHVs.  
1.5 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed individuals operate on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.6 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for SAR personnel to operate ATVs or ROHVs while in partially or fully collapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in a mountain or alpine environment.  
1.7 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993.  
1.7.1 Further training may be required before ATV-ROHV OPS Endorsed personnel may participate on a particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority having jurisdiction.  
1.8 Personnel trained only to this guide are not qualified to perform search or rescue. No training in land search, patient evacuation, rope use, or other rescue skills is included in this guide.  
1.8.1 Basic search skills and knowledge are found in Guide F2209.  
1.8.2 Basic rescue skills and knowledge are found in Guide F2751.  
1.9 Personnel trained only to this guide are not qualified to operate in leadership positions.  
1.10 ATV-ROHV Ops Endorsed personnel mu...

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ASTM F3193-16(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals, organizations, and agencies having jurisdiction that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader.  
4.3.1 Though this guide establishes the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader, it does not imply that a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of an AHJ.  
4.3.2 Determining the requirements and qualifications for team members is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.3.3 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.  
4.3.4 Nothing in this standard precludes an AHJ from requiring additional knowledge, skills, or abilities for its members.  
4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document or training program to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate as a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Team Leader or AHJ.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an Land Search and Rescue Team Leader. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training requirements, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for personnel who lead land search and rescue teams.  
1.2 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders direct search and rescue teams on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training required for conducting rescues in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in mountainous terrain.  
1.4 Personnel trained to this guide alone are qualified to conduct or lead search and rescue operations on non-technical terrain.  
1.5 Personnel trained to this guide alone are not qualified to direct rope rescues. No knots, rope work, or high angle or low angle rescue skills are included in this guide.  
1.5.1 The minimum training required for rope rescue can be found in Guides F2752, F2954, and F2955.  
1.5.2 Personnel trained to this standard and having a Rope Rescuer Endorsement (Guides F2752, F2954, F2955) are qualified to supervise rope rescue teams of equal level or lower.  
1.6 A Land Search and Rescue Team Leader can be utilized as a team leader for land search or rescue teams, a single resource, or a support person for a canine search team.  
1.7 Land Search and Rescue Team Leaders are eligible to supervise Land Search, Land Rescue, Land Search and Rescue, and Untrained teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993 for non-wilderness and wilderness operations. In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall have the identified endorsement for the reason identified:  
1.7.1 Mountainous Terrain—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall meet the requirements of Guides F3027 or F3028;  
1.7.2 Alpine Terrain—Search and Rescue Team Leaders shall m...

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ASTM
ASTM F3027-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain (Mountain Endorsement)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Mountain Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefix “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in mountainous terrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel are qualified to operate safely and effectively in mountainous terrain in their normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 A Mountain Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Mountain Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the mountainous environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the mountainous environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.3 Specifically, Mountain Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.  
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpine environment.  
1.6 A Mountain Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7 Mountain Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

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